How to Learn Python Effectively [2]: Learn Python

# Strings
first_name = "Bro"
food = "pizza"
email = "Bro123@gmail.com"

print(f"Hello {first_name}")
print(f"You like {food}")
print(f"Your email is: {email}")

# Integers
age = 25
quantity = 3
num_of_students =30

print(f"You are {age} years old")
print(f"You are buying {quantity} items")
print(f"You class has {num_of_students} students")

# Float
price = 10.99
gpa = 3.2
distance = 5.5

print(f"The price is ${price}")
print(f"Your gpa is: {gpa}")
print(f"You ran {distance}km")

# Boolean
is_student = False
for_sale = False
is_online = True

if is_online:
    print("You are online")
else:
    print("You are offline")

user_name = "Yuuniji"
year = 2025
pi = 3.14
is_admin = True

print(f"User Name: {user_name}")
print(f"Current Year: {year}")
# Round to two decimal places
print(f"Pi: {pi:.2f}")  
# Convert boolean to 'Yes' or 'No'
print(f"Admin Status: {'Yes' if is_admin else 'No'}") 

name = "Yuuniji"
age = 25
gpa = 3.2
is_student = True
# print(type(name))

gpa = int(gpa) # 3
age = float(age) # 25.0

age = str(age)
age += "1" # "251"

name = bool(name) # True

name = input("What is your name?: ")
age = int(input("How old are you?: "))
# age = int(age)
age = age + 1

print(f"Hello {name}!")
print("HAPPY BIRTHDAY")
print(f"You are {age} years old")

length = float(intput("Enter the length: "))
width = float(intput("Enter the width: "))
area = length * width

print(f"The area is: {area}cm²")
#Mac superscript 2: Command + Control + Space, In the search bar, type “superscript” or “2”.Or Option + v

item = input("What item would you like to buy?: ")
price = float(input("What is the price?: "))
quantity = int(input("How many would you like?: "))
total = price * quantity

print(f"You have bought {quantity} x {item}/s")
print(f"Your total is: ${total}")

adjective1 = input("Enter an adjective (description): ")
noun1 = input("Enter a noun (person, place, thing): ")
adjective2 = input("Enter an adjective (description): ")
verb1 = input("Enter a verb ending with 'ing'")
adjective3 = input("Enter an adjective (description): ")

print(f"Today I went to a {adjective1} zoo.")
print(f"In an exhibit, I saw a {noun1}")
print(f"{noun1} was {adjective2} and {verb1}")
print(f"I was {adjective3}!")

friends = 10

friends = friends + 1
friends += 1
friends = friends - 2
friends -= 2
friends = friends * 3
friends *= 3
friends = friends / 2
friends /= 2
friends = friends ** 2
friends **= 2
remainder = friends % 3

x = 3.14
y = 4
z = 5

result = round(x) # 3
result = abs(y) # 4
result = pow(4, 3) # 4*4*4=64
result = max(x, y, z) # 5
result = min(x, y, z) # 3.14

import math

x = 9
y = 9.1
z = 9.9

print(math.pi) # 3.141592653589793
print(math.e) # 2.718281828459045
result = math.sqrt(x) # 3.0
result = math.ceil(y) # 10
result = math.floor(z) # 9

# C = 2πr
import math

radius = float(input('Enter the radius of a circle: ')) # 10.5

circumference = 2 * math.pi *radius

print(f"The circumference is: {round(circumference, 2)}cm") # 65.97

# A = πr²
import math

radius = float(input('Enter the radius of a circle: ')) # 10.5

area = math.pi * pow(radius, 2)

print(f"The area of the circle is: {round(area, 2)}cm²") # 346.36

# c = √(a²+b²)

import math

a = float(input("Enter side A: ")) # 3
b = float(input("Enter side B: ")) # 4

c = math.sqrt(pow(a, 2) + pow(b, 2))

print(f"Side C = {c}") # 5.0

age = int(input("Enter your age: "))

if age >= 100:
    print("You are too old to sign up")
elif age >= 18:
    print("You are now signed up!")
elif age < 0:
    print("You haven't been born yet!")
else:
    print("You must be 18+ to sign up")

resopnse = input("Would you like food? (Y/N): ")

if resopnse == "Y":
    print("Have some food!")
else:
    print("No food for you!")

name = inptut("Enter your name: ")

if name === "":
    print("You did not type in your name!")
else:
    print(f"Hello {name}")

for_sale = True

if for_sale:
    print("This item is for sale")
else:
    print("This item is NOT for sale")

# + = addition
# - = subtraction
# * = multiplication
# / = division 

operator = input("Enter an operator (+ - * /)")
num1 = float(input("Enter the 1st number: "))
num2 = float(input("Enter the 2nd number: "))

if operator == "+":
    result =num1 + num2
    print(round(result, 3))
elif operator == "-":
    result =num1 - num2
    print(round(result, 3))
elif operator == "*":
    result =num1 * num2
    print(round(result, 3))
elif operator == "/":
    result =num1 / num2
    print(round(result, 3))
else:
    print(f"{operator} is not a valid operator")

weight = float(input("Enter your weight"))
unit = input("Kilograms or Pounds? (K or L): ")

if unit == "K":
    weight = weight * 2.205
    unit = "Lbs."
    print(f"Your weight is: {round(weight, 1)} {unit}")
elif unit == "L":
    weight = weight / 2.205
    unit = "Kgs."
    print(f"Your weight is: {round(weight, 1)} {unit}")
else:
    print(f"{unit} was not valid")

# (°C x 9/5) + 32 = °F
# (°F - 32) x 5/9 = °C
# °(Option + Shift + 8)
unit = input("Is this temperature in Celsius or Fahrenheit (C/F): ")
temp = float(input("Enter the temperature: "))

if unit == "C":
    temp = round((9 * temp) / 5 + 32, 1)
    print(f"The temperature in Fahrenheit is: {temp}°F")
elif unit == "F":
    temp = round((temp - 32) * 5 / 9, 1)
    print(f"The temperature in Celsius is: {temp}°C")
else:
    print(f"{unit} is an invalid unit of measurement")

temp = 25
is_raining = True

if temp > 35 or temp < 0 or is_raining:
    print("The outdoor event is cancelled")
else:
    print("The outdoor event is still scheduled")

temp = 25
is_sunny = True

if temp >= 28 and is_sunny:
    print("It is HOT outside 🥵")
    print("It is SUNNY 🌞")
elif temp <= 0 and is_sunny:
    print("It is COLD outside 🥶")
    print("It is SUNNY 🌞")
elif 28 > temp > 0 and is_sunny:
    print("It is WARM outside 🙂")
    print("It is SUNNY 🌞")
elif temp >= 28 and not is_sunny:
    print("It is HOT outside 🥵")
    print("It is CLOUDY ☁️")
elif temp <= 0 and not is_sunny:
    print("It is COLD outside 🥶")
    print("It is CLOUDY ☁️")
elif 28 > temp > 0 and not is_sunny:
    print("It is WARM outside 🙂")
    print("It is CLOUDY ☁️")

num = 5
a = 6
b = 7
age = 13
temperature = 20
user_role = "guest"

print("Positive" if num > 0 else "Negative")
result = "EVEN" if num % 2 == 0 else "ODD"
max_num = a if a > b else b
min_num = a if a < b else b
status = "Adult" if age >= 18 else "Child"
weather = "HOT" if temperature > 20 else "COLD"
access_level = "Full Access" if user_role == "admin" else "Limited Access"

print(access_level)

name = input("Enter your full name: ")

result = len(name) 
# yuunijiy -> 8
result = name.find("n") 
# yuunijiy -> 3
result = name.rfind("n") 
# yuunijiy -> 4
name = name.capitalize() 
# yuunijiy -> Yuunijiy
name = name.upper() 
# yuunijiy -> YUUNIJIY
name = name.lower() 
# YUUNIJIY -> yuunijiy
result = name.isdigit() 
# yuunijiy,yuu123 -> False; 123 -> True
result = name.isalpha() 
# yuunijiy -> True; yuu niji,yuu123,123 -> False

phone_number = input("Enter your phone #: ")

result = phone_number.count("-") 
# 1-234-567-8901 -> 3
phone_number = phone_number.replace("-", " ") 
# 1-234-567-8901 -> 1 234 567 8901

# validate user input exercise
# 1. username is no more than 12 characters
# 2. username must not contain spaces
# 3. username must not contain digits

username = input("Enter a username: ")

if len(username) > 12:
    print("Your username can't be more than 12 characters")
elif not username.find(" ") == -1:
    print("Your username can't contain spaces")
elif not username.isalpha():
    print("Your username can't contain digits")
else:
    print(f"Welcome {username}")

credit_number = "1234-5678-9012-3456"

print(credit_number[0]) # 1
print(credit_number[:4]) # 1234
print(credit_number[5:9]) # 5678
print(credit_number[5:]) # 5678-9012-3456
print(credit_number[-1]) # 6
print(credit_number[-2]) # 5
print(credit_number[::2]) # 13-6891-46
print(credit_number[::3]) # 146-136

credit_number = "1234-5678-9012-3456"

last_digits = credit_number[-4:] # 3456
print(f"XXXX-XXXX-XXXX-{last_digits}")

credit_number = "1234-5678-9012-3456"

credit_number = credit_number[::-1]
print(credit_number)
# 6543-2109-8765-4321

price1 = 3.14159
price2 = -987.65
price3 = 12.34

print(f"Price 1 is ${price1:.3f}") # 3.142
print(f"Price 2 is ${price2:.3f}") # -987.650
print(f"Price 3 is ${price3:.3f}") # 12.340

print(f"Price 1 is ${price1:10}") 
print(f"Price 2 is ${price2:10}") 
print(f"Price 3 is ${price3:10}") 
# Price 1 is $   3.14159
# Price 2 is $   -987.65
# Price 3 is $     12.34

print(f"Price 1 is ${price1:010}") 
print(f"Price 2 is ${price2:010}") 
print(f"Price 3 is ${price3:010}") 
# Price 1 is $0003.14159
# Price 2 is $-000987.65
# Price 3 is $0000012.34

print(f"Price 1 is ${price1:<10}") 
print(f"Price 2 is ${price2:<10}") 
print(f"Price 3 is ${price3:<10}") 
# Price 1 is $3.14159   |
# Price 2 is $-987.65   |
# Price 3 is $12.34     |

print(f"Price 1 is ${price1:+}") # +3.14159
print(f"Price 2 is ${price2:+}") # -987.65
print(f"Price 3 is ${price3:+}") # +12.34

print(f"Price 1 is ${price1:10}") 
print(f"Price 2 is ${price2:10}") 
print(f"Price 3 is ${price3:10}") 
# Price 1 is $ 3.14159
# Price 2 is $-987.65
# Price 3 is $ 12.34

price1 = 3000.14159
price2 = -9870.65
price3 = 1200.34

print(f"Price 1 is ${price1:,}") 
print(f"Price 2 is ${price2:,}") 
print(f"Price 3 is ${price3:,}") 
# Price 1 is $3,000.14159
# Price 2 is $-9,870.65
# Price 3 is $1,200.34

print(f"Price 1 is ${price1:+,.2f}") 
print(f"Price 2 is ${price2:+,.2f}") 
print(f"Price 3 is ${price3:+,.2f}") 
# Price 1 is $+3,000.14
# Price 2 is $-9,870.65
# Price 3 is $+1,200.34

age = int(input("Enter your age: "))

while age < 0:
    print("Age can't be negative")
    age = int(input("Enter your age: "))

print(f"You are {age} years old")

food = input("Enter a food you like (q to quit): ")

while not food == "q":
    print(f"You like {food}")
    food = input("Enter another food you like (q to quit): ")

print("bye")

num = int(input("Enter a # between 1 - 10: "))

while num < 1 or num > 10:
    print(f"{num} is not valid")
    num = int(input("Enter a # between 1 - 10: "))

print(f"Your number is {num}")

# A = P (1 + r/n)ᵗ
# A = final amount
# P = initial principal balance
# r = interest rate
# t = number of time periods elapsed

principle = 0
rate = 0
time = 0

while principle <= 0:
    principle = float(input("Enter the principle aount: "))
    if principle <= 0:
        print("Principle can't be less than or equal to zero")

while rate <= 0:
    rate = float(input("Enter the interest rate: "))
    if rate <= 0:
        print("Interest rate can't be less than or equal to zero")

while time <= 0:
    time = int(input("Enter the time in years: "))
    if time <= 0:
        print("Time can't be less than or equal to zero")

print(principle)
print(rate)
print(time)

total = principle * pow((1 + rate / 100), time)
print(f"Balance after {time} year/s: ${total:.2f}")

principle = 0
rate = 0
time = 0

while True:
    principle = float(input("Enter the principle aount: "))
    if principle < 0:
        print("Principle can't be less than zero")
    else:
        break

while True:
    rate = float(input("Enter the interest rate: "))
    if rate < 0:
        print("Interest rate can't be less than zero")
    else:
        break

while True:
    time = int(input("Enter the time in years: "))
    if time < 0:
        print("Time can't be less than zero")
    else:
        break

total = principle * pow((1 + rate / 100), time)
print(f"Balance after {time} year/s: ${total:.2f}")

for x in range(1, 6):
    print(x) 
# 1
# 2
# 3
# 4
# 5

for x in reversed(range(1, 6)):
    print(x) 

print("HAPPY NEW YEAR!")
# 1 
# 2
# 3
# 4
# 5
# HAPPY NEW YEAR!

for x in range(1, 6, 3):
    print(x) 
# 1
# 4

credit_card = "12-34"
for x in credit_card:
    print(x) 
# 1
# 2
# -
# 3
# 4

for x in range(1, 6):
    if x == 3:
        continue
    else:
        print(x)
# 1
# 2
# 4
# 5

for x in range(1, 6):
    if x == 3:
        break
    else:
        print(x)
# 1
# 2

import time

my_time = int(input("Enter the time in seconds: ")) # 3

for x in range(0, my_time):
    print(x) 
    time.sleep(1)
# 0
# 1
# 2
print("TIME'S UP!")

import time

my_time = int(input("Enter the time in seconds: ")) # 3

for x in range(my_time, 0, -1):
    print(x)
    time.sleep(1)
# 3
# 2
# 1
print("TIME'S UP!")

import time

my_time = int(input("Enter the time in seconds: ")) # 3605

for x in range(my_time, 0, -1):
    seconds = x % 60
    minutes = int(x / 60) % 60
    hours = int(x / 3600)
    print(f"{hours:02}:{minutes:02}:{seconds:02}")
    time.sleep(1)
# 01:00:05
# 01:00:04
# 01:00:03
# 01:00:02
# 01:00:01
# 01:00:00
# 00:59:59
# 00:59:58
print("TIME'S UP!")

outer loop:
    inner loop:

for x in range(1, 10):
    print(x, end="") 
# 123456789

for x in range(3):
    for y in range(1, 10):
        print(y, end="") 
# 123456789123456789123456789

for x in range(3):
    for y in range(1, 10):
        print(y, end="") 
    print()
# 123456789
# 123456789
# 123456789

rows = int(input("Enter the # of rows: ")) # 3 
columns = int(input("Enter the # of rows: ")) # 5
symbol = input("Enter a symbol to use: ") # *

for x in range(rows):
    for y in range(columns):
        print(symbol, end="") 
    print()
# *****
# *****
# *****

fruits = ["apple", "orange", "banana", "coconut"]

# print(help(fruits))

print(dir(fruits)) 
# ['__add__', '__class__', '__contains__', '__delattr__', '__delitem__', '__dir__', '__doc__', '__eq__', '__format__', '__ge__', '__getattribute__', '__getitem__',  '__gt__', '__hash__', '__iadd__', '__imul__', '__init__', '__init_subclass__',  '__iter__', '__le__', '__len__', '__lt__', '__mul__', '__ne__', '__new__',  '__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__', '__repr__', '__reversed__', '__rmul__', '__setattr__',  '__setitem__', '__sizeof__', '__str__', '__subclasshook__', 'append', 'clear',  'copy', 'count', 'extend', 'index', 'insert', 'pop', 'remove', 'reverse', 'sort']

print("apple" in fruits) # True

print(fruits[0]) # apple

print(fruits[0:3]) 
# ["apple", "orange", "banana"]

print(fruits[::2]) 
# ["apple", "banana"]

print(fruits[::-1]) 
# ["coconut", "banana", "orange", "apple"]

fruits = ["apple", "orange", "banana", "coconut"]

fruits.append("pineapple") 
# fruits.remove("pineapple")

print(fruits) 
# ["apple", "orange", "banana", "coconut", "pineapple"]

fruits = ["apple", "orange", "banana", "coconut"]

fruits.insert(0, "pineapple") 

print(fruits) 
# ["pineapple", "apple", "orange", "banana", "coconut"]

fruits = ["apple", "orange", "banana", "coconut"]

fruits.sort()

print(fruits) 
# ["apple", "banana", "coconut", "orange"]

fruits = ["apple", "orange", "banana", "coconut"]

fruits.reverse()

print(fruits) 
# ["coconut", "banana", "orange", "apple"]

fruits = ["apple", "orange", "banana", "coconut"]

fruits.sort()
fruits.reverse()

print(fruits) 
# ["orange", "coconut", "banana", "apple"]

fruits = ["apple", "orange", "banana", "coconut"]

fruits.clear()

print(fruits) 
# []

fruits = ["apple", "orange", "banana", "coconut"]

print(fruits.index("apple")) # 0

fruits = {"apple", "orange", "banana", "coconut", "coconut"}

print(len(fruits)) # 4

print(dir(fruits)) 
# ['__and__', '__class__', '__contains__', '__delattr__', '__dir__', '__doc__', '__eq__', '__format__', '__ge__', '__getattribute__', '__gt__', '__hash__',  '__iand__', '__init__', '__init_subclass__', '__iter__', '__ixor__', '__le__',  '__len__', '__lt__', '__ne__', '__new__', '__or__', '__rand__', '__reduce__',  '__reduce_ex__', '__repr__', '__ror__', '__rxor__', '__setattr__', '__sizeof__',  '__str__', '__subclasshook__', '__xor__', 'add', 'clear', 'copy', 'difference',  'difference_update', 'discard', 'intersection', 'intersection_update', 'isdisjoint',  'issubset', 'issuperset', 'pop', 'remove', 'symmetric_difference', 'symmetric_difference_update',  'union', 'update']

print(fruits[0]) 
# TypeError: 'set' object is not subscriptable

print(fruits)
# {"orange", "apple", "banana", "coconut"}

fruits.pop()
# {"orange", "apple", "banana"}
# OR {"apple", "banana", "coconut"}
# OR {"orange", "banana", "coconut"}
# OR ...

fruits.clear() # set()

fruits = ("apple", "orange", "banana", "coconut", "coconut")

print(dir(fruits)) 
# ['__add__', '__class__', '__contains__', '__delattr__', '__dir__', '__doc__', '__eq__', '__format__', '__ge__', '__getattribute__', '__getitem__', '__getnewargs__', '__gt__', '__hash__', '__init__', '__init_subclass__', '__iter__', '__le__', '__len__', '__lt__', '__mul__', '__ne__', '__new__', '__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__', '__repr__', '__rmul__', '__setattr__', '__sizeof__', '__str__', '__subclasshook__', 'count', 'index']

print(fruits)
# ("apple", "orange", "banana", "coconut", "coconut")

foods = []
prices = []
total = 0

while True:
    food = input("Enter a food to buy (q to quit): ")
    if food.lower() == "q:
        break
    else:
        price = float(input(f"Enter the price of a {food}: $"))
        foods.append(food)
        prices.append(price)

print("----- YOUR CART -----")

for food in foods:
    print(food, end=" ")

for price in prices:
    total += price

print()
print(f"Your total is: ${total}")

fruits = ["apple", "orange", "banana", "coconut"]
vegetables = ["celery", "carrots", "potatoes"]
meats = ["chicken", "fish", "turkey"]

groceries = [fruits, vegetables, meats]

print(groceries[0])
# ["apple", "orange", "banana", "coconut"]

print(groceries[0][3])
# coconut

print(groceries[2][3])
# IndexError: list index out of range

groceries = [["apple", "orange", "banana", "coconut"], 
             ["celery", "carrots", "potatoes"], 
             ["chicken", "fish", "turkey"]]

for collection in groceries:
    for food in collection:
        print(food, end=" ")
    print()
# apple orange banana coconut
# celery carrots potatoes
# chicken fish turkey

num_pad = ((1, 2, 3),
           (4, 5, 6),
           (7, 8, 9),
           ("*", 0, "#"))

for row in num_pad:
    for num in row:
        print(num, end=" ")
    print()
# 1 2 3
# 4 5 6
# 7 8 9
# * 0 #

question = ("How many elements are in the periodic table?: ", 
            "Which animal lays the largest eggs?: ",
            "What is the most abundant gas in Earth's atmosphere?: ",
            "How many bones are in the human body?: ",
            "Which planet in the solar system is the hottest?: ")

options = (("A. 116", "B. 117", "C. 118", "D. 119"),
           ("A. Whale", "B. Crocodile", "C. Elephant", "D. Ostrich"),
           ("A. Nitrogen", "B. Oxygen", "C. Carbon-Dioxide", "D. Hydrogen"),
           ("A. 206", "B. 207", "C. 208", "D. 209"),
           ("A. Mercury", "B. Venus", "C. Earth", "D. Mars"))

answers = ("C", "D", "A", "A", "B" )
guesses = []
score = 0
question_num = 0

for question in questions:
    print("-----------------------")
    print(question)
    for option in options[question_num]:
        print(option)

    guess = input("Enter (A, B, C, D): ").upper()
    guesses.append(guess)
    if guess == answers[question_num]:
        score += 1
        print("CORRECT!")
    else:
        print("INCORRECT!")
        print(f"{answers[question_num]} is the correct answer")
    question_num += 1

print("-----------------------")
print("        RESULTS        ")
print("-----------------------")

print("answers: ", end="")
for answer in answers:
    print(answer, end=" ")
print()

print("guesses: ", end="")
for guesse in guesses:
    print(guesse, end=" ")
print()

score = int(score / len(questions) * 100)
print(f"Your score is: {score}%")

capitals = {"USA": "Washington D.C.",
            "India": "New Delhi",
            "China": "Beijing",
            "Russia": "Moscow"}

print(dir(capitals))
# print(help(capitals))
# ['__class__', '__contains__', '__delattr__', '__delitem__', '__dir__', '__doc__', '__eq__', '__format__', '__ge__', '__getattribute__', '__getitem__', '__gt__', '__hash__', '__init__', '__init_subclass__', '__iter__', '__le__', '__len__', '__lt__', '__ne__', '__new__', '__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__', '__repr__', '__setattr__', '__setitem__', '__sizeof__', '__str__', '__subclasshook__', 'clear', 'copy', 'fromkeys', 'get', 'items', 'keys', 'pop', 'popitem', 'setdefault', 'update', 'values']

print(capitals.get("USA")) # Washington D.C.
print(capitals.get("Japan")) # None

capitals.update({"Germany": "Berlin"})
capitals.update({"USA": "Detroit"})
# {"USA": "Detroit", "India": "New Delhi", "China": "Beijing", "Russia": "Moscow", "Germany": "Berlin"}

capitals.pop("China")
# {"USA": "Detroit", "India": "New Delhi", "Russia": "Moscow", "Germany": "Berlin"}

capitals.popitem()
# {"USA": "Detroit", "India": "New Delhi", "Russia": "Moscow"}

# capitals.clear()
# {}

keys = capitals.keys()
# dict_keys(['USA', 'India', 'Russia'])
for keys in capitals.keys():
    print(key)
# USA
# India
# Russia

values = capitals.values()
# dict_values(['Detroit', 'New Delhi', 'Moscow'])
for value in capitals.values():
    print(value)
# Detroit
# New Delhi
# Moscow

items = capitals.items()
print(items)
# dict_items([('USA', 'Detroit'), ('India', 'New Delhi'), ('Russia', 'Moscow')])

for key, value in capitals.items():
    print(f"{key}: {value}")
# USA: Detroit
# India: New Delhi
# Russia: Moscow

menu = {"pizza": 3.00,
        "nachos": 4.50,
        "popcorn": 6.00,
        "fries": 2.50,
        "chips": 1.00,
        "pretzel": 3.50,
        "soda": 3.00,
        "lemonade": 4.25}
cart = []
total = 0

print("----- MENU -----")
for key, value in menu.items():
    print(f"{key:10}: ${value:.2f}")
print("----------------")

while True:
    food = input("Select an item (q to quit): ").lower()
    if food == "q":
        break
    elif menu.get(food) is not None:
        cart.append(food)

print("-- YOUR ORDER --")
for food in cart:
    total += menu.get(food)
    print(food, end=" ")

print()
print(f"Total is: ${total:.2f}")

import random

# print(help random)

low = 1
high = 100
options = ("rock", "paper", "scissors")
cards = ["2", "3", "4", "5", "6", "7", "8", "9", "10", "J", "Q", "K", "A"]

# number = random.randint(1, 6)
# number = random.randint(low, high)
# number = random.random()
# option = random.choice(options)
# random.shuffle(cards)

import random

lowest_num = 1
highest_num = 100
answer = random.randint(lowest_num, highest_num)
guesses = 0
is_running = True

print("Python Number Guessing Game")
print(f"Select a number between {lowest_num} and {highest_num}")

while is_running:

    guess = input("Enter your guess: ")


    if guess.isdigit():
        guess = int(guess)
        guesses += 1

        if guess < lowest_num or guess > highest_num:
            print("That number is out of range")
            print(f"Please select a number between {lowest_num} and {highest_num}")
        elif guess < answer:
            print("Too low! Try again!")
        elif guess > answer:
            print("Too high! Try again!")
        else:
            print(f"CORRECT! The answer was {answer}")
            print(f"Number of guesses: {guesses}")
            is_running = False
    else:
        print("Invalid guess")
        print(f"Please select a number between {lowest_num} and {highest_num}")

import random

options = ("rock", "paper", "scissors") 
playing = True

while playing:

    player = None
    computer = random.choice(options)

    while player not in options:
        player = input("Enter a choice (rock, paper, scissors):")

    print(f"Player: {player}")
    print(f"Computer: {computer}")

    if player == computer:
        print("It's a tie!")
    elif player == "rock" and computer == "scissors":
        print("You win!")
    elif player == "paper" and computer == "rock":
        print("You win!")
    elif player == "scissors" and computer == "paper":
        print("You win!")
    else:
        print("You lose!")

    play_again = input("Play again? (y/n): ").lower()
    if not play_again == "y":
        playing = False

print("Thanks for playing!")

import random

print("\u25CF \u250C \u2500 \u2510 \u2502 \u2514 \u2518")
# ● ┌ ─ ┐ │ └ ┘
"┌─────────┐"
"│         │"
"│         │"
"│         │"
"└─────────┘"

dice_art = {
    1: ("┌─────────┐", 
        "│         │", 
        "│    ●    │", 
        "│         │", 
        "└─────────┘"),
    2: ("┌─────────┐", 
        "│  ●      │", 
        "│         │", 
        "│      ●  │", 
        "└─────────┘"),
    3: ("┌─────────┐", 
        "│  ●      │", 
        "│    ●    │", 
        "│      ●  │", 
        "└─────────┘"),
    4: ("┌─────────┐", 
        "│  ●   ●  │", 
        "│         │", 
        "│  ●   ●  │", 
        "└─────────┘"),
    5: ("┌─────────┐", 
        "│  ●   ●  │", 
        "│    ●    │", 
        "│  ●   ●  │", 
        "└─────────┘"),
    6: ("┌─────────┐", 
        "│  ●   ●  │", 
        "│  ●   ●  │", 
        "│  ●   ●  │", 
        "└─────────┘"),
}

dice = []
total = 0
num_of_dice = int(input("How many dice?: "))

for die in range(num_of_dice):
    dice.append(random.randint(1, 6))
print(dice)

# for die in range(num_of_dice):
#     for line in dice_art.get(dice[die]):
#         print(line)

for line in range(5):  # 外部循环，按行打印
    for die in dice:  # 内部循环，遍历每个骰子的点数
        print(dice_art.get(die)[line], end="")  # 打印当前骰子图案的当前行
    print()  # 每打印完一行后换行


for die in dice:
    total += die
print(f"total: {total}")

# function = A block of reusable code
#            place () after the function name to invoke it

def happy_birthday(name, age):
    print(f"Happy birthday to {name}!")
    print("You are {age}!")
    print("Happy birthday to you!")
    print()

happy_birthday("Bro", 20)
happy_birthday("Steve", 30)
happy_birthday("Joe", 40)

--------

def display_invoice(username, amount, due_date):
    print(f"Hello {username}")
    print(f"Your bill of ${amount:.2f} is due: {due_date}")

display_invoice("YuuNiji", 100.01, "01/02")

--------

# return = statement used to end a function
#          and send a result back to the caller

def add(x, y):
    z = x + y
    return z

def subtract(x, y):
    z = x - y
    return z

def multiply(x, y):
    z = x * y
    return z

def divide(x, y):
    z = x / y
    return z

print(add(1, 2)) # 3
print(subtract(1, 2)) # -1
print(multiply(1, 2)) # 2
print(divide(1, 2)) # 0.5

--------

def create_name(first, last):
    first = first.capitalize()
    last = last.capitalize()
    return first + " " + last

full_name = create_name("yuuniji", "code")

print(full_name) # Yuuniji Code

# default arguments = A default value for certain parameters
#                     default is used when that argument is omitted
#                     make your functions more flexible, reduces # of arguments
#                     1. positional, 2. DEFAULT, 3. keyword, 4. arbitrary

def net_price(list_price, discount=1, tax=0.05):
    return list_price * (1 - discount) * (1 + tax)

print(net_price(500)) # 525.0
print(net_price(500, 0.1)) # 472.5
print(net_price(500, 0.1, 0)) # 450

--------

import time

def count(start, end):
    for x in range(start, end+1):
        print(x)
        time.sleep(1)
    print("DONE!")

count(0, 10)
# 0
# 1
# 2
# 3
# 4
# 5
# 6
# 7
# 8
# 9
# 10
# DONE!

--------

import time

def count(start=0, end):
    for x in range(start, end+1):
        print(x)
        time.sleep(1)
    print("DONE!")

count(10)
# SyntaxError: non-default argument follows default argument

--------

import time

def count(end, start=0):
    for x in range(start, end+1):
        print(x)
        time.sleep(1)
    print("DONE!")

count(10)
# 0
# 1
# 2
# 3
# 4
# 5
# 6
# 7
# 8
# 9
# 10
# DONE!

--------

import time

def count(end, start=0):
    for x in range(start, end+1):
        print(x)
        time.sleep(1)
    print("DONE!")

count(30, 15)
# 15
# 16
# 17
# 18
# 19
# 20
# 21
# 22
# 23
# 24
# 25
# 26
# 27
# 28
# 29
# 30
# DONE!

# keyword arguments = an argument preceded by an identifier
#                     helps with readability
#                     order of arguments doesn't matter
#                     1. positional 2. default 3. KEYWORD 4. arbitrary

def hello(greeting, title, first, last):
    print(f"{greeting} {title}{first} {last}")

hello("Hello", "Mr.", "Spongebob", "Squarepants")
# Hello Mr.Spongebob Squarepants
hello("Hello", "Spongebob", "Squarepants", "Mr.")
# Hello SpongebobSquarepants Mr.
hello("Hello", title="Mr.", first="Spongebob", last="Squarepants")
# Hello Mr.Spongebob Squarepants
hello("Hello", title="Mr.", last="Squarepants", first="Spongebob")
# Hello Mr.Spongebob Squarepants
hello(title="Mr.", last="Squarepants", first="Spongebob", "Hello")
# SyntaxError: positional argument follows keyword argument

hello("Hello", "Mr.", "John", "James")
# Hello Mr.John James
hello("Hello", title="Mr.", last="John", first="James")
# Hello Mr.James John

--------

for x in range(1, 11):
    print(x, end=" ")
    # 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

--------

print("1", "2", "3", "4", "5", sep="-")
# 1-2-3-4-5

--------

def get_phone(country, area, first, last):
    return f"{country}-{area}-{first}-{last}"

phone_num = get_phone(country=1, area=123, first=456, last=7890)

print(phone_num)
# 1-123-456-7890

# *args    = allows you to pass multiple non-key arguments
# **kwargs = allows you to pass multiple keyword-arguments
#            * unpacking operator
#            1. positional 2. default 3. keyword 4. ARBITRARY

def add(a, b):
    return a + b

print(add(1, 2)) # 3
print(add(1, 2, 3))
# TypeError: add() takes 2 positional arguments but 3 were given

--------

def add(*args):
    print(type(args)) # <class 'tuple'>
    total = 0
    for arg in args:
        total += arg
    return total

print(add(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)) # 15

--------

def display_name(*args):
    for arg in args:
        print(arg, end=" ")

display_name("Dr.", "Spongebob", "Harold", "Squarepants")
# Dr. Spongebob Harold Squarepants

--------

def print_address(**kwargs):
    print(type(kwargs)) # <class 'dict'>
    for value in kwargs.values():
        print(value)

print_address(street="123 Fake St.", 
              city="Detroit", 
              state="MI", 
              zip="54321")
# 123 Fake St.
# Detroit
# MI
# 54321

--------

def print_address(**kwargs):
    print(type(kwargs)) # <class 'dict'>
    for key in kwargs.keys():
        print(key)

print_address(street="123 Fake St.", 
              city="Detroit", 
              state="MI", 
              zip="54321")
# street
# city
# state
# zip

--------

def print_address(**kwargs):
    print(type(kwargs)) # <class 'dict'>
    for key, value in kwargs.items():
        print(f"{key}: {value}")

print_address(street="123 Fake St.", 
              city="Detroit", 
              state="MI", 
              zip="54321")
# street: 123 Fake St.
# city: Detroit
# state: MI
# zip: 54321

--------
# def shipping_label(**kwargs, *args):
# SyntaxError: invalid syntax
def shipping_label(*args, **kwargs):
    for arg in args:
        print(arg, end=" ")

shipping_label("Dr.", "Spongebob", "Squarepants", "III",
               street="123 Fake St.",
               apt="100",
               city="Detroit",
               state="MI",
               zip="54321")
# Dr. Spongebob Squarepants III

--------

def shipping_label(*args, **kwargs):
    for arg in args:
        print(arg, end=" ")
    print()
    for value in kwargs.values():
        print(value, end=" ")

shipping_label("Dr.", "Spongebob", "Squarepants", "III",
               street="123 Fake St.",
               apt="100",
               city="Detroit",
               state="MI",
               zip="54321")
# Dr. Spongebob Squarepants III
# 123 Fake St. 100 Detroit MI 54321

--------

def shipping_label(*args, **kwargs):
    for arg in args:
        print(arg, end=" ")
    print()

    print(f"{kwargs.get('street')} {kwargs.get('apt')}")
    print(f"{kwargs.get('city')} {kwargs.get('state')}, {kwargs.get('zip')}")

shipping_label("Dr.", "Spongebob", "Squarepants",
               street="123 Fake St.",
               apt="#100",
               city="Detroit",
               state="MI",
               zip="54321")
# Dr. Spongebob Squarepants
# 123 Fake St. #100
# Detroit MI 54321

--------

def shipping_label(*args, **kwargs):
    for arg in args:
        print(arg, end=" ")
    print()

    print(f"{kwargs.get('street')} {kwargs.get('apt')}")
    print(f"{kwargs.get('city')} {kwargs.get('state')}, {kwargs.get('zip')}")

shipping_label("Dr.", "Spongebob", "Squarepants",
               street="123 Fake St.",
               city="Detroit",
               state="MI",
               zip="54321")
# Dr. Spongebob Squarepants
# 123 Fake St. None
# Detroit MI 54321

--------

def shipping_label(*args, **kwargs):
    for arg in args:
        print(arg, end=" ")
    print()

    if "apt" in kwargs:
        print(f"{kwargs.get('street')} {kwargs.get('apt')}")
    elif "pobox" in kwargs:
        print(f"{kwargs.get('street')}")
        print(f"{kwargs.get('pobox')}")
    else:
        print(f"{kwargs.get('street')}")

    print(f"{kwargs.get('city')} {kwargs.get('state')}, {kwargs.get('zip')}")

shipping_label("Dr.", "Spongebob", "Squarepants",
               street="123 Fake St.",
               pobox="PO box #1001",
               city="Detroit",
               state="MI",
               zip="54321")
# Dr. Spongebob Squarepants
# 123 Fake St.
# PO box #1001
# Detroit MI 54321

# Iterables = An object/collection that can return its elements one at a time,
#             allowing it to be iterated over in a loop

numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

for number in numbers:
    print(number)
# 1
# 2
# 3
# 4
# 5

numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

for number in reversed(numbers):
    print(number)
# 5
# 4
# 3
# 2
# 1

numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

for number in reversed(numbers):
    print(number, end=" ")
# 5 4 3 2 1

numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

for number in reversed(numbers):
    print(number, end="-")
# 5-4-3-2-1-

numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

for number in reversed(numbers):
    print(number, end=" - ")
# 5 - 4 - 3 - 2 - 1 -

numbers = (1, 2, 3, 4, 5)

for number in numbers:
    print(number)
# 1
# 2
# 3
# 4
# 5

fruits = {"apple", "orange", "banana", "coconut"}

for fruit in fruits:
    print(fruit)
# apple
# orange
# banana
# coconut

fruits = {"apple", "orange", "banana", "coconut"}

for fruit in reversed(fruits):
    print(fruit)
# TypeError: 'set' object is not reversible

name ="Yuu Niji"

for character in name:
    print(character)
# Y
# u
# u

# N
# i
# j
# i

name ="Yuu Niji"

for character in name:
    print(character, end=" ")
# Y u u  N i j i

my_dictionary = {"A": 1, "B": 2, "C": 3}

for key in my_dictionary:
    print(key)
# A
# B
# C

my_dictionary = {"A": 1, "B": 2, "C": 3}

for value in my_dictionary.value():
    print(value)
# 1
# 2
# 3

my_dictionary = {"A": 1, "B": 2, "C": 3}

for key, value in my_dictionary.items():
    print(key, value)
# A 1
# B 2
# C 3

my_dictionary = {"A": 1, "B": 2, "C": 3}

for key, value in my_dictionary.items():
    print(f"{key} = {value}")
# A = 1
# B = 2
# C = 3

# Membership operators = used to test whether a value or variable is found in a sequence
#                        (string, list, tuple, set, or dictionary)
#                        1. in
#                        1. not in

word = "APPLE"

letter = input("Guess a letter in the secret word: ")

if letter in word:
    print(f"There is a {letter}")
else:
    print(f"{letter} was not found")
# Guess a letter in the secret word: A
# There is a A
# Guess a letter in the secret word: Z
# Z was not found

word = "APPLE"

letter = input("Guess a letter in the secret word: ")

if letter not in word:
    print(f"{letter} was not found")
else:
    print(f"There is a {letter}")
# Guess a letter in the secret word: E
# There is a E
# Guess a letter in the secret word: Q
# Q was not found

students = {"Spongbob", "Patrick", "Sandy"}

student = input("Enter the name of a student: ")

if student in students:
    print(f"{student} is a student")
else:
    print(f"{student} was not found")
# Enter the name of a student: Spongbob
# Spongbob is a student
# Enter the name of a student: Yuuniji
# Yuuniji was not found

students = {"Spongbob", "Patrick", "Sandy"}

student = input("Enter the name of a student: ")

if student not in students:
    print(f"{student} was not found")
else:
    print(f"{student} is a student")
# Enter the name of a student: Sandy
# Sandy is a student
# Enter the name of a student: Github
# Github was not found

grades = {"Sandy": "A", 
          "Squidward": "B", 
          "Spongbob": "C", 
          "Patrick": "D"}

student = input("Enter the name of a student: ")

if student in grades:
    print(f"{student}'s grade is {grades[student]}")
else:
    print(f"{student} was not found")
# Enter the name of a student: Spongbob
# Spongbobs grade is C
# Enter the name of a student: Sandy
# Sandy grade is A
# Enter the name of a student: Squidward
# Squidward grade is B
# Enter the name of a student: Patrick
# Patrick grade is D
# Enter the name of a student: Yuuniji
# Yuuniji was not found

email = "yuuniji81@gmail.com"

if "@" in email and "." in email:
    print("Valid email")
else:
    print("Invalid email")
# Valid email

email = "yuuniji81gmail.com"

if "@" in email and "." in email:
    print("Valid email")
else:
    print("Invalid email")
# Invalid email

email = "yuuniji81@gmailcom"

if "@" in email and "." in email:
    print("Valid email")
else:
    print("Invalid email")
# Invalid email

# List comprehension = A concise way to create lists in Python
#                      Compact and easier to read than traditional loops
#                      [expression for value in iterable if condition]

doubles = []
for x in range(1, 11):
    doubles.append(x * 2)

print(doubles)
# [2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20]

doubles = [x * 2 for x in range(1, 11)]

print(doubles)
# [2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20]

triples = [y * 3 for y in range(1, 11)]

print(triples)
# [3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24, 27, 30]

squares = [z * z for z in range(1, 11)]

print(squares)
# [1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81, 100]

fruits = ["apple", "orange", "banana", "coconut"]
fruits = [fruit.upper() for fruit in fruits]
print(fruits)
# ['APPLE', 'ORANGE', 'BANANA', 'COCONUT']

fruits = [fruit.upper() for fruit in ["apple", "orange", "banana", "coconut"]]

print(fruits)
# ['APPLE', 'ORANGE', 'BANANA', 'COCONUT']

fruits = ["apple", "orange", "banana", "coconut"]
fruit_chars = [fruit[0] for fruit in fruits]
print(fruit_chars)
# ['a', 'o', 'b', 'c']

numbers = [1, -2, 3, -4, 5, -6, 8, -7]
positive_nums = [num for num in numbers if num >= 0]
negative_nums = [num for num in numbers if num < 0]
even_nums = [num for num in numbers if num % 2 == 0]
odd_nums = [num for num in numbers if num % 2 == 1]

print(positive_nums)
# [1, 3, 5, 8]
print(negative_nums)
# [-2, -4, -6, -7]
print(even_nums)
# [-2, -4, -6, 8]
print(odd_nums)
# [1, 3, 5, -7]

grades = [85, 42, 79, 90, 56, 61, 30]
passing_grades = [grade for grade in grades if grade >= 60]

print(passing_grades)
# [85, 79, 90, 61]

# Match-case statement (switch): An alternative to using many 'elif' statements
                            #    Execute some code if a value matches a 'case'
                            #    Benefits: cleaner and syntax is more readable

def day_of_week(day):
    if day == 1:
        return "It is Sunday"
    elif day == 2:
        return "It is Monday"
    elif day == 3:
        return "It is Tuesday"
    elif day == 4:
        return "It is Wednesday"
    elif day == 5:
        return "It is Thursday"
    elif day == 6:
        return "It is Friday"
    elif day == 7:
        return "It is Saturday"
    else:
        return "Not a valid day"

print(day_of_week(1))
# It is Sunday

def day_of_week(day):
    match day:
        case 1:
            return "It is Sunday"
        case 2:
            return "It is Monday"
        case 3:
            return "It is Tuesday"
        case 4:
            return "It is Wednesday"
        case 5:
            return "It is Thursday"
        case 6:
            return "It is Friday"
        case 7:
            return "It is Saturday"
        case _: # _ = wild card
            return "Not a valid day"

print(day_of_week(1))
# It is Sunday

def is_weekend(day):
    match day:
        case "Sunday":
            return True
        case "Monday":
            return False
        case "Tuesday":
            return False
        case "Wednesday":
            return False
        case "Thursday":
            return False
        case "Friday":
            return False
        case "Saturday":
            return True
        case _: # _ = wild card
            return False

print(is_weekend("Sunday"))
# True

def is_weekend(day):
    match day:
        case "Saturday" | "Sunday": # | = or
            return True
        case "Monday" | "Tuesday" | "Wednesday" | "Thursday" | "Friday":
            return False
        case _: # _ = wild card
            return False

print(is_weekend("Sunday"))
# True

# Module = a file containing code you want to include in your program
#          use 'import' to include a module (built-in or your own)
#          useful to break up a large program reusable separate files

# print(help("modules"))
# print(help("math"))

import math

print(math.pi)
# 3.141592653589794

import math as m

print(math.pi)
# NameError: name 'math' is not defined

import math as m

print(m.pi)
# 3.141592653589794

from math import pi

print(pi)
# 3.141592653589794

from math import e

print(e)
# 2.718281828459045

from math import e

a, b, c, d = 1, 2, 3, 4

print(e ** a)
print(e ** b)
print(e ** c)
print(e ** d)
# 2.718281828459045
# 7.3890560989306495
# 20.085536923187664
# 54.5915003314423

from math import e

a, b, c, d, e = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

print(e ** a)
print(e ** b)
print(e ** c)
print(e ** d)
print(e ** e)
# 5
# 25
# 125
# 625
# 3125

import math

a, b, c, d, e = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

print(math.e ** a)
print(math.e ** b)
print(math.e ** c)
print(math.e ** d)
print(math.e ** e)
# 2.718281828459045
# 7.3890560989306495
# 20.085536923187664
# 54.5915003314423
# 148.41315910257657

# example.py

pi = 3.14159

def square(x):
    return x ** 2

def cube(x):
    return x ** 3

def circumference(radius):
    return 2 * pi * radius

def area(radius):
    return pi * radius ** 2

# main.py

import example

result = example.pi

print(result)
# 3.14159

import example

result = example.square(3)

print(result)
# 9

import example

result = example.cube(3)

print(result)
# 27

import example

result = example.circumference(3)

print(result)
# 18.849539999999998

import example

result = example.area(3)

print(result)
# 28.27431

# variable scope = where a variable is visible and accessible
# scope resolution = (LEGB) Local -> Enclosed -> Global -> Built-in

def func1():
    a = 1
    print(a)

def func2():
    b = 2
    print(b)

func1() # 1
func2() # 2

def func1():
    a = 1
    print(b)

def func2():
    b = 2
    print(a)

func1()
func2()
# NameError: name 'b' is not defined

def happy_birthday(name, age):
    print(f"Happy birthday dear {name}")
    print(f"You are {age} years old")

def main():
    name = "Yuuniji"
    age = 21
    happy_birthday(name, age)
main()

def func1():
    x = 1
    print(x)

def func2():
    x = 2
    print(x)

func1() # 1
func2() # 2

def func1():
    x = 1

    def func2():
        x = 2
        print(x)
    func2()

func1()
# 2

def func1():
    x = 1

    def func2():
        print(x)
    func2()

func1()
# 1

def func1():
    print(x)

def func2():
    print(x)

x = 3

func1() # 3
func2() # 3

def func1():
    x = 1
    print(x)

def func2():
    x = 2
    print(x)

x = 3

func1() # 1
func2() # 2

from math import e

print(e)
# 2.718281828459045

from math import e

def func1():
    print(e)

func1()
# 2.718281828459045