学习 Python

# 字符串
first_name = "Bro"
food = "pizza"
email = "Bro123@gmail.com"

print(f"你好 {first_name}")
print(f"你喜欢 {food}")
print(f"你的邮箱是: {email}")

# 整数
age = 25
quantity = 3
num_of_students =30

print(f"你 {age} 岁了")
print(f"你购买了 {quantity} 件商品")
print(f"你的班级有 {num_of_students} 名学生")

# 浮点数
price = 10.99
gpa = 3.2
distance = 5.5

print(f"价格是 ${price}")
print(f"你的 GPA 是: {gpa}")
print(f"你跑了 {distance} 公里")

# 布尔值
is_student = False
for_sale = False
is_online = True

if is_online:
    print("你在线")
else:
    print("你离线")

user_name = "Yuuniji"
year = 2025
pi = 3.14
is_admin = True

print(f"用户名: {user_name}")
print(f"当前年份: {year}")
# 四舍五入到两位小数
print(f"Pi: {pi:.2f}")  
# 将布尔值转换为 '是' 或 '否'
print(f"管理员状态: {'是' if is_admin else '否'}") 

name = "Yuuniji"
age = 25
gpa = 3.2
is_student = True
# print(type(name))

gpa = int(gpa) # 3
age = float(age) # 25.0

age = str(age)
age += "1" # "251"

name = bool(name) # True

name = input("你叫什么名字？: ")
age = int(input("你多大了？: "))
# age = int(age)
age = age + 1

print(f"你好 {name}!")
print("生日快乐")
print(f"你 {age} 岁了")

length = float(intput("输入长度: "))
width = float(intput("输入宽度: "))
area = length * width

print(f"面积是: {area}cm²")
#Mac 上标 2: Command + Control + Space, 在搜索栏中输入“superscript”或“2”。或者 Option + v

item = input("你想买什么商品？: ")
price = float(input("价格是多少？: "))
quantity = int(input("你想买多少？: "))
total = price * quantity

print(f"你购买了 {quantity} 件 {item}")
print(f"总价是: ${total}")

adjective1 = input("输入一个形容词（描述）: ")
noun1 = input("输入一个名词（人、地点、事物）: ")
adjective2 = input("输入一个形容词（描述）: ")
verb1 = input("输入一个以 'ing' 结尾的动词")
adjective3 = input("输入一个形容词（描述）: ")

print(f"今天我去了一家 {adjective1} 动物园。")
print(f"在一个展区，我看到了一只 {noun1}")
print(f"{noun1} 是 {adjective2} 并且 {verb1}")
print(f"我感到 {adjective3}!")

friends = 10

friends = friends + 1
friends += 1
friends = friends - 2
friends -= 2
friends = friends * 3
friends *= 3
friends = friends / 2
friends /= 2
friends = friends ** 2
friends **= 2
remainder = friends % 3

x = 3.14
y = 4
z = 5

result = round(x) # 3
result = abs(y) # 4
result = pow(4, 3) # 4*4*4=64
result = max(x, y, z) # 5
result = min(x, y, z) # 3.14

import math

x = 9
y = 9.1
z = 9.9

print(math.pi) # 3.141592653589793
print(math.e) # 2.718281828459045
result = math.sqrt(x) # 3.0
result = math.ceil(y) # 10
result = math.floor(z) # 9

# C = 2πr
import math

radius = float(input('输入圆的半径: ')) # 10.5

circumference = 2 * math.pi *radius

print(f"周长是: {round(circumference, 2)}cm") # 65.97

# A = πr²
import math

radius = float(input('输入圆的半径: ')) # 10.5

area = math.pi * pow(radius, 2)

print(f"圆的面积是: {round(area, 2)}cm²") # 346.36

# c = √(a²+b²)

import math

a = float(input("输入边 A: ")) # 3
b = float(input("输入边 B: ")) # 4

c = math.sqrt(pow(a, 2) + pow(b, 2))

print(f"边 C = {c}") # 5.0

age = int(input("请输入您的年龄: "))

if age >= 100:
    print("您年龄太大，无法注册")
elif age >= 18:
    print("您已成功注册！")
elif age < 0:
    print("您还未出生！")
else:
    print("您必须年满18岁才能注册")

response = input("您想要食物吗？(Y/N): ")

if response == "Y":
    print("请享用食物！")
else:
    print("没有食物给您！")

name = input("请输入您的名字: ")

if name == "":
    print("您没有输入名字！")
else:
    print(f"您好 {name}")

for_sale = True

if for_sale:
    print("此商品正在出售")
else:
    print("此商品不在出售")

# + = 加法
# - = 减法
# * = 乘法
# / = 除法

operator = input("请输入运算符 (+ - * /): ")
num1 = float(input("请输入第一个数字: "))
num2 = float(input("请输入第二个数字: "))

if operator == "+":
    result = num1 + num2
    print(round(result, 3))
elif operator == "-":
    result = num1 - num2
    print(round(result, 3))
elif operator == "*":
    result = num1 * num2
    print(round(result, 3))
elif operator == "/":
    result = num1 / num2
    print(round(result, 3))
else:
    print(f"{operator} 不是一个有效的运算符")

weight = float(input("请输入您的体重: "))
unit = input("千克还是磅？(K 或 L): ")

if unit == "K":
    weight = weight * 2.205
    unit = "磅"
    print(f"您的体重是: {round(weight, 1)} {unit}")
elif unit == "L":
    weight = weight / 2.205
    unit = "千克"
    print(f"您的体重是: {round(weight, 1)} {unit}")
else:
    print(f"{unit} 不是一个有效的单位")

# (°C x 9/5) + 32 = °F
# (°F - 32) x 5/9 = °C
# °(Option + Shift + 8)
unit = input("温度单位是摄氏度还是华氏度？(C/F): ")
temp = float(input("请输入温度: "))

if unit == "C":
    temp = round((9 * temp) / 5 + 32, 1)
    print(f"华氏温度为: {temp}°F")
elif unit == "F":
    temp = round((temp - 32) * 5 / 9, 1)
    print(f"摄氏温度为: {temp}°C")
else:
    print(f"{unit} 不是一个有效的温度单位")

temp = 25
is_raining = True

if temp > 35 or temp < 0 or is_raining:
    print("户外活动已取消")
else:
    print("户外活动仍按计划进行")

temp = 25
is_sunny = True

if temp >= 28 and is_sunny:
    print("外面很热 🥵")
    print("天气晴朗 🌞")
elif temp <= 0 and is_sunny:
    print("外面很冷 🥶")
    print("天气晴朗 🌞")
elif 28 > temp > 0 and is_sunny:
    print("外面很温暖 🙂")
    print("天气晴朗 🌞")
elif temp >= 28 and not is_sunny:
    print("外面很热 🥵")
    print("天气多云 ☁️")
elif temp <= 0 and not is_sunny:
    print("外面很冷 🥶")
    print("天气多云 ☁️")
elif 28 > temp > 0 and not is_sunny:
    print("外面很温暖 🙂")
    print("天气多云 ☁️")

num = 5
a = 6
b = 7
age = 13
temperature = 20
user_role = "guest"

print("正数" if num > 0 else "负数")
result = "偶数" if num % 2 == 0 else "奇数"
max_num = a if a > b else b
min_num = a if a < b else b
status = "成年人" if age >= 18 else "儿童"
weather = "热" if temperature > 20 else "冷"
access_level = "完全访问" if user_role == "admin" else "受限访问"

print(access_level)

name = input("请输入您的全名：")

result = len(name) 
# yuunijiy -> 8
result = name.find("n") 
# yuunijiy -> 3
result = name.rfind("n") 
# yuunijiy -> 4
name = name.capitalize() 
# yuunijiy -> Yuunijiy
name = name.upper() 
# yuunijiy -> YUUNIJIY
name = name.lower() 
# YUUNIJIY -> yuunijiy
result = name.isdigit() 
# yuunijiy,yuu123 -> False; 123 -> True
result = name.isalpha() 
# yuunijiy -> True; yuu niji,yuu123,123 -> False

phone_number = input("请输入您的电话号码：")

result = phone_number.count("-") 
# 1-234-567-8901 -> 3
phone_number = phone_number.replace("-", " ") 
# 1-234-567-8901 -> 1 234 567 8901

# 验证用户输入练习
# 1. 用户名不能超过12个字符
# 2. 用户名不能包含空格
# 3. 用户名不能包含数字

username = input("请输入用户名：")

if len(username) > 12:
    print("您的用户名不能超过12个字符")
elif not username.find(" ") == -1:
    print("您的用户名不能包含空格")
elif not username.isalpha():
    print("您的用户名不能包含数字")
else:
    print(f"欢迎 {username}")

credit_number = "1234-5678-9012-3456"

print(credit_number[0]) # 1
print(credit_number[:4]) # 1234
print(credit_number[5:9]) # 5678
print(credit_number[5:]) # 5678-9012-3456
print(credit_number[-1]) # 6
print(credit_number[-2]) # 5
print(credit_number[::2]) # 13-6891-46
print(credit_number[::3]) # 146-136

credit_number = "1234-5678-9012-3456"

last_digits = credit_number[-4:] # 3456
print(f"XXXX-XXXX-XXXX-{last_digits}")

credit_number = "1234-5678-9012-3456"

credit_number = credit_number[::-1]
print(credit_number)
# 6543-2109-8765-4321

price1 = 3.14159
price2 = -987.65
price3 = 12.34

print(f"价格 1 是 ${price1:.3f}") # 3.142
print(f"价格 2 是 ${price2:.3f}") # -987.650
print(f"价格 3 是 ${price3:.3f}") # 12.340

print(f"价格 1 是 ${price1:10}") 
print(f"价格 2 是 ${price2:10}") 
print(f"价格 3 是 ${price3:10}") 
# 价格 1 是 $   3.14159
# 价格 2 是 $   -987.65
# 价格 3 是 $     12.34

print(f"价格 1 是 ${price1:010}") 
print(f"价格 2 是 ${price2:010}") 
print(f"价格 3 是 ${price3:010}") 
# 价格 1 是 $0003.14159
# 价格 2 是 $-000987.65
# 价格 3 是 $0000012.34

print(f"价格 1 是 ${price1:<10}") 
print(f"价格 2 是 ${price2:<10}") 
print(f"价格 3 是 ${price3:<10}") 
# 价格 1 是 $3.14159   |
# 价格 2 是 $-987.65   |
# 价格 3 是 $12.34     |

print(f"价格 1 是 ${price1:+}") # +3.14159
print(f"价格 2 是 ${price2:+}") # -987.65
print(f"价格 3 是 ${price3:+}") # +12.34

print(f"价格 1 是 ${price1:10}") 
print(f"价格 2 是 ${price2:10}") 
print(f"价格 3 是 ${price3:10}") 
# 价格 1 是 $ 3.14159
# 价格 2 是 $-987.65
# 价格 3 是 $ 12.34

price1 = 3000.14159
price2 = -9870.65
price3 = 1200.34

print(f"价格 1 是 ${price1:,}") 
print(f"价格 2 是 ${price2:,}") 
print(f"价格 3 是 ${price3:,}") 
# 价格 1 是 $3,000.14159
# 价格 2 是 $-9,870.65
# 价格 3 是 $1,200.34

print(f"价格 1 是 ${price1:+,.2f}") 
print(f"价格 2 是 ${price2:+,.2f}") 
print(f"价格 3 是 ${price3:+,.2f}") 
# 价格 1 是 $+3,000.14
# 价格 2 是 $-9,870.65
# 价格 3 是 $+1,200.34

age = int(input("请输入您的年龄: "))

while age < 0:
    print("年龄不能为负数")
    age = int(input("请输入您的年龄: "))

print(f"您 {age} 岁了")

food = input("输入您喜欢的食物 (q 退出): ")

while not food == "q":
    print(f"您喜欢 {food}")
    food = input("输入您喜欢的另一种食物 (q 退出): ")

print("再见")

num = int(input("输入一个 1 - 10 之间的数字: "))

while num < 1 or num > 10:
    print(f"{num} 无效")
    num = int(input("输入一个 1 - 10 之间的数字: "))

print(f"您的数字是 {num}")

# A = P (1 + r/n)ᵗ
# A = 最终金额
# P = 初始本金
# r = 利率
# t = 经过的时间段数

principle = 0
rate = 0
time = 0

while principle <= 0:
    principle = float(input("输入本金金额: "))
    if principle <= 0:
        print("本金不能小于或等于零")

while rate <= 0:
    rate = float(input("输入利率: "))
    if rate <= 0:
        print("利率不能小于或等于零")

while time <= 0:
    time = int(input("输入时间（年）: "))
    if time <= 0:
        print("时间不能小于或等于零")

print(principle)
print(rate)
print(time)

total = principle * pow((1 + rate / 100), time)
print(f"{time} 年后的余额: ${total:.2f}")

principle = 0
rate = 0
time = 0

while True:
    principle = float(input("输入本金金额: "))
    if principle < 0:
        print("本金不能小于零")
    else:
        break

while True:
    rate = float(input("输入利率: "))
    if rate < 0:
        print("利率不能小于零")
    else:
        break

while True:
    time = int(input("输入时间（年）: "))
    if time < 0:
        print("时间不能小于零")
    else:
        break

total = principle * pow((1 + rate / 100), time)
print(f"{time} 年后的余额: ${total:.2f}")

for x in range(1, 6):
    print(x) 
# 1
# 2
# 3
# 4
# 5

for x in reversed(range(1, 6)):
    print(x) 

print("HAPPY NEW YEAR!")
# 1 
# 2
# 3
# 4
# 5
# HAPPY NEW YEAR!

for x in range(1, 6, 3):
    print(x) 
# 1
# 4

credit_card = "12-34"
for x in credit_card:
    print(x) 
# 1
# 2
# -
# 3
# 4

for x in range(1, 6):
    if x == 3:
        continue
    else:
        print(x)
# 1
# 2
# 4
# 5

for x in range(1, 6):
    if x == 3:
        break
    else:
        print(x)
# 1
# 2

import time

my_time = int(input("请输入时间（秒）：")) # 3

for x in range(0, my_time):
    print(x) 
    time.sleep(1)
# 0
# 1
# 2
print("时间到！")

import time

my_time = int(input("请输入时间（秒）：")) # 3

for x in range(my_time, 0, -1):
    print(x)
    time.sleep(1)
# 3
# 2
# 1
print("时间到！")

import time

my_time = int(input("请输入时间（秒）：")) # 3605

for x in range(my_time, 0, -1):
    seconds = x % 60
    minutes = int(x / 60) % 60
    hours = int(x / 3600)
    print(f"{hours:02}:{minutes:02}:{seconds:02}")
    time.sleep(1)
# 01:00:05
# 01:00:04
# 01:00:03
# 01:00:02
# 01:00:01
# 01:00:00
# 00:59:59
# 00:59:58
print("时间到！")

外层循环:
    内层循环:

for x in range(1, 10):
    print(x, end="") 
# 123456789

for x in range(3):
    for y in range(1, 10):
        print(y, end="") 
# 123456789123456789123456789

for x in range(3):
    for y in range(1, 10):
        print(y, end="") 
    print()
# 123456789
# 123456789
# 123456789

rows = int(input("请输入行数：")) # 3 
columns = int(input("请输入列数：")) # 5
symbol = input("请输入要使用的符号：") # *

for x in range(rows):
    for y in range(columns):
        print(symbol, end="") 
    print()
# *****
# *****
# *****

fruits = ["苹果", "橙子", "香蕉", "椰子"]

# print(help(fruits))

print(dir(fruits)) 
# ['__add__', '__class__', '__contains__', '__delattr__', '__delitem__', '__dir__', '__doc__', '__eq__', '__format__', '__ge__', '__getattribute__', '__getitem__',  '__gt__', '__hash__', '__iadd__', '__imul__', '__init__', '__init_subclass__',  '__iter__', '__le__', '__len__', '__lt__', '__mul__', '__ne__', '__new__',  '__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__', '__repr__', '__reversed__', '__rmul__', '__setattr__',  '__setitem__', '__sizeof__', '__str__', '__subclasshook__', 'append', 'clear',  'copy', 'count', 'extend', 'index', 'insert', 'pop', 'remove', 'reverse', 'sort']

print("苹果" in fruits) # True

print(fruits[0]) # 苹果

print(fruits[0:3]) 
# ["苹果", "橙子", "香蕉"]

print(fruits[::2]) 
# ["苹果", "香蕉"]

print(fruits[::-1]) 
# ["椰子", "香蕉", "橙子", "苹果"]

fruits = ["苹果", "橙子", "香蕉", "椰子"]

fruits.append("菠萝") 
# fruits.remove("菠萝")

print(fruits) 
# ["苹果", "橙子", "香蕉", "椰子", "菠萝"]

fruits = ["苹果", "橙子", "香蕉", "椰子"]

fruits.insert(0, "菠萝") 

print(fruits) 
# ["菠萝", "苹果", "橙子", "香蕉", "椰子"]

fruits = ["苹果", "橙子", "香蕉", "椰子"]

fruits.sort()

print(fruits) 
# ["苹果", "香蕉", "椰子", "橙子"]

fruits = ["苹果", "橙子", "香蕉", "椰子"]

fruits.reverse()

print(fruits) 
# ["椰子", "香蕉", "橙子", "苹果"]

fruits = ["苹果", "橙子", "香蕉", "椰子"]

fruits.sort()
fruits.reverse()

print(fruits) 
# ["橙子", "椰子", "香蕉", "苹果"]

fruits = ["苹果", "橙子", "香蕉", "椰子"]

fruits.clear()

print(fruits) 
# []

fruits = ["苹果", "橙子", "香蕉", "椰子"]

print(fruits.index("苹果")) # 0

fruits = {"苹果", "橙子", "香蕉", "椰子", "椰子"}

print(len(fruits)) # 4

print(dir(fruits)) 
# ['__and__', '__class__', '__contains__', '__delattr__', '__dir__', '__doc__', '__eq__', '__format__', '__ge__', '__getattribute__', '__gt__', '__hash__',  '__iand__', '__init__', '__init_subclass__', '__iter__', '__ixor__', '__le__',  '__len__', '__lt__', '__ne__', '__new__', '__or__', '__rand__', '__reduce__',  '__reduce_ex__', '__repr__', '__ror__', '__rxor__', '__setattr__', '__sizeof__',  '__str__', '__subclasshook__', '__xor__', 'add', 'clear', 'copy', 'difference',  'difference_update', 'discard', 'intersection', 'intersection_update', 'isdisjoint',  'issubset', 'issuperset', 'pop', 'remove', 'symmetric_difference', 'symmetric_difference_update',  'union', 'update']

print(fruits[0]) 
# TypeError: 'set' object is not subscriptable

print(fruits)
# {"橙子", "苹果", "香蕉", "椰子"}

fruits.pop()
# {"橙子", "苹果", "香蕉"}
# OR {"苹果", "香蕉", "椰子"}
# OR {"橙子", "香蕉", "椰子"}
# OR ...

fruits.clear() # set()

fruits = ("苹果", "橙子", "香蕉", "椰子", "椰子")

print(dir(fruits)) 
# ['__add__', '__class__', '__contains__', '__delattr__', '__dir__', '__doc__', '__eq__', '__format__', '__ge__', '__getattribute__', '__getitem__', '__getnewargs__', '__gt__', '__hash__', '__init__', '__init_subclass__', '__iter__', '__le__', '__len__', '__lt__', '__mul__', '__ne__', '__new__', '__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__', '__repr__', '__rmul__', '__setattr__', '__sizeof__', '__str__', '__subclasshook__', 'count', 'index']

print(fruits)
# ("苹果", "橙子", "香蕉", "椰子", "椰子")

foods = []
prices = []
total = 0

while True:
    food = input("请输入要购买的食物（输入q退出）：")
    if food.lower() == "q":
        break
    else:
        price = float(input(f"请输入{food}的价格：$"))
        foods.append(food)
        prices.append(price)

print("----- 您的购物车 -----")

for food in foods:
    print(food, end=" ")

for price in prices:
    total += price

print()
print(f"您的总金额是：${total}")

fruits = ["苹果", "橙子", "香蕉", "椰子"]
vegetables = ["芹菜", "胡萝卜", "土豆"]
meats = ["鸡肉", "鱼", "火鸡"]

groceries = [fruits, vegetables, meats]

print(groceries[0])
# ["苹果", "橙子", "香蕉", "椰子"]

print(groceries[0][3])
# 椰子

print(groceries[2][3])
# IndexError: 列表索引超出范围

groceries = [["苹果", "橙子", "香蕉", "椰子"], 
             ["芹菜", "胡萝卜", "土豆"], 
             ["鸡肉", "鱼", "火鸡"]]

for collection in groceries:
    for food in collection:
        print(food, end=" ")
    print()
# 苹果 橙子 香蕉 椰子
# 芹菜 胡萝卜 土豆
# 鸡肉 鱼 火鸡

num_pad = ((1, 2, 3),
           (4, 5, 6),
           (7, 8, 9),
           ("*", 0, "#"))

for row in num_pad:
    for num in row:
        print(num, end=" ")
    print()
# 1 2 3
# 4 5 6
# 7 8 9
# * 0 #

questions = ("元素周期表中有多少个元素？：", 
            "哪种动物产的蛋最大？：",
            "地球大气中含量最多的气体是什么？：",
            "人体有多少块骨头？：",
            "太阳系中最热的行星是哪个？：")

options = (("A. 116", "B. 117", "C. 118", "D. 119"),
           ("A. 鲸鱼", "B. 鳄鱼", "C. 大象", "D. 鸵鸟"),
           ("A. 氮气", "B. 氧气", "C. 二氧化碳", "D. 氢气"),
           ("A. 206", "B. 207", "C. 208", "D. 209"),
           ("A. 水星", "B. 金星", "C. 地球", "D. 火星"))

answers = ("C", "D", "A", "A", "B" )
guesses = []
score = 0
question_num = 0

for question in questions:
    print("-----------------------")
    print(question)
    for option in options[question_num]:
        print(option)

    guess = input("输入（A, B, C, D）：").upper()
    guesses.append(guess)
    if guess == answers[question_num]:
        score += 1
        print("正确！")
    else:
        print("错误！")
        print(f"正确答案是 {answers[question_num]}")
    question_num += 1

print("-----------------------")
print("          结果          ")
print("-----------------------")

print("答案：", end="")
for answer in answers:
    print(answer, end=" ")
print()

print("猜测：", end="")
for guess in guesses:
    print(guess, end=" ")
print()

score = int(score / len(questions) * 100)
print(f"您的得分是：{score}%")

capitals = {"USA": "Washington D.C.",
            "India": "New Delhi",
            "China": "Beijing",
            "Russia": "Moscow"}

print(dir(capitals))
# print(help(capitals))
# ['__class__', '__contains__', '__delattr__', '__delitem__', '__dir__', '__doc__', '__eq__', '__format__', '__ge__', '__getattribute__', '__getitem__', '__gt__', '__hash__', '__init__', '__init_subclass__', '__iter__', '__le__', '__len__', '__lt__', '__ne__', '__new__', '__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__', '__repr__', '__setattr__', '__setitem__', '__sizeof__', '__str__', '__subclasshook__', 'clear', 'copy', 'fromkeys', 'get', 'items', 'keys', 'pop', 'popitem', 'setdefault', 'update', 'values']

print(capitals.get("USA")) # Washington D.C.
print(capitals.get("Japan")) # None

capitals.update({"Germany": "Berlin"})
capitals.update({"USA": "Detroit"})
# {"USA": "Detroit", "India": "New Delhi", "China": "Beijing", "Russia": "Moscow", "Germany": "Berlin"}

capitals.pop("China")
# {"USA": "Detroit", "India": "New Delhi", "Russia": "Moscow", "Germany": "Berlin"}

capitals.popitem()
# {"USA": "Detroit", "India": "New Delhi", "Russia": "Moscow"}

# capitals.clear()
# {}

keys = capitals.keys()
# dict_keys(['USA', 'India', 'Russia'])
for keys in capitals.keys():
    print(key)
# USA
# India
# Russia

values = capitals.values()
# dict_values(['Detroit', 'New Delhi', 'Moscow'])
for value in capitals.values():
    print(value)
# Detroit
# New Delhi
# Moscow

items = capitals.items()
print(items)
# dict_items([('USA', 'Detroit'), ('India', 'New Delhi'), ('Russia', 'Moscow')])

for key, value in capitals.items():
    print(f"{key}: {value}")
# USA: Detroit
# India: New Delhi
# Russia: Moscow

menu = {"pizza": 3.00,         # 披萨
        "nachos": 4.50,        # 玉米片
        "popcorn": 6.00,       # 爆米花
        "fries": 2.50,         # 薯条
        "chips": 1.00,         # 薯片
        "pretzel": 3.50,       # 椒盐卷饼
        "soda": 3.00,          # 汽水
        "lemonade": 4.25}      # 柠檬水
cart = []
total = 0

print("----- 菜单 -----")
for key, value in menu.items():
    print(f"{key:10}: ${value:.2f}")
print("----------------")

while True:
    food = input("选择一项商品（输入 q 退出）：").lower()
    if food == "q":
        break
    elif menu.get(food) is not None:
        cart.append(food)

print("-- 您的订单 --")
for food in cart:
    total += menu.get(food)
    print(food, end=" ")

print()
print(f"总金额为: ${total:.2f}")

import random

# print(help random)     # 查看 random 模块的帮助文档

low = 1
high = 100
options = ("rock", "paper", "scissors")  # 石头、剪刀、布
cards = ["2", "3", "4", "5", "6", "7", "8", "9", "10", "J", "Q", "K", "A"]  # 扑克牌

# number = random.randint(1, 6)          # 生成 1 到 6 之间的整数
# number = random.randint(low, high)    # 生成 low 到 high 之间的整数
# number = random.random()              # 生成 0 到 1 之间的随机浮点数
# option = random.choice(options)       # 随机选择一项
# random.shuffle(cards)                 # 洗牌

import random

lowest_num = 1
highest_num = 100
answer = random.randint(lowest_num, highest_num)
guesses = 0
is_running = True

print("Python 猜数字游戏")
print(f"请选择一个 {lowest_num} 到 {highest_num} 之间的数字")

while is_running:

    guess = input("请输入你的猜测：")

    if guess.isdigit():
        guess = int(guess)
        guesses += 1

        if guess < lowest_num or guess > highest_num:
            print("这个数字超出了范围")
            print(f"请选择一个 {lowest_num} 到 {highest_num} 之间的数字")
        elif guess < answer:
            print("太小了！再试一次！")
        elif guess > answer:
            print("太大了！再试一次！")
        else:
            print(f"正确！答案就是 {answer}")
            print(f"猜了 {guesses} 次")
            is_running = False
    else:
        print("输入无效")
        print(f"请选择一个 {lowest_num} 到 {highest_num} 之间的数字")

import random

options = ("rock", "paper", "scissors") 
playing = True

while playing:

    player = None
    computer = random.choice(options)

    while player not in options:
        player = input("请输入选择（石头、纸、剪刀）：")

    print(f"玩家: {player}")
    print(f"电脑: {computer}")

    if player == computer:
        print("平局！")
    elif player == "rock" and computer == "scissors":
        print("你赢了！")
    elif player == "paper" and computer == "rock":
        print("你赢了！")
    elif player == "scissors" and computer == "paper":
        print("你赢了！")
    else:
        print("你输了！")

    play_again = input("再玩一局？（y/n）：").lower()
    if not play_again == "y":
        playing = False

print("感谢游玩！")

import random

print("\u25CF \u250C \u2500 \u2510 \u2502 \u2514 \u2518")
# ● ┌ ─ ┐ │ └ ┘
"┌─────────┐"
"│         │"
"│         │"
"│         │"
"└─────────┘"

dice_art = {
    1: ("┌─────────┐", 
        "│         │", 
        "│    ●    │", 
        "│         │", 
        "└─────────┘"),
    2: ("┌─────────┐", 
        "│  ●      │", 
        "│         │", 
        "│      ●  │", 
        "└─────────┘"),
    3: ("┌─────────┐", 
        "│  ●      │", 
        "│    ●    │", 
        "│      ●  │", 
        "└─────────┘"),
    4: ("┌─────────┐", 
        "│  ●   ●  │", 
        "│         │", 
        "│  ●   ●  │", 
        "└─────────┘"),
    5: ("┌─────────┐", 
        "│  ●   ●  │", 
        "│    ●    │", 
        "│  ●   ●  │", 
        "└─────────┘"),
    6: ("┌─────────┐", 
        "│  ●   ●  │", 
        "│  ●   ●  │", 
        "│  ●   ●  │", 
        "└─────────┘"),
}

dice = []
total = 0
num_of_dice = int(input("请输入骰子数量："))

for die in range(num_of_dice):
    dice.append(random.randint(1, 6))
print(dice)

# for die in range(num_of_dice):
#     for line in dice_art.get(dice[die]):
#         print(line)

for line in range(5):  # 外部循环，按行打印
    for die in dice:  # 内部循环，遍历每个骰子的点数
        print(dice_art.get(die)[line], end="")  # 打印当前骰子图案的当前行
    print()  # 每打印完一行后换行


for die in dice:
    total += die
print(f"总和: {total}")

# 函数 = 一段可重用的代码块
#        在函数名后加 () 来调用它

def happy_birthday(name, age):
    print(f"祝 {name} 生日快乐！")
    print(f"你今年 {age} 岁！")
    print("祝你生日快乐！")
    print()

happy_birthday("Bro", 20)
happy_birthday("Steve", 30)
happy_birthday("Joe", 40)

--------

def display_invoice(username, amount, due_date):
    print(f"你好 {username}")
    print(f"你的账单金额 ${amount:.2f} 将于 {due_date} 到期")

display_invoice("YuuNiji", 100.01, "01/02")

--------

# return = 用于结束函数并将结果返回给调用者

def add(x, y):
    z = x + y
    return z

def subtract(x, y):
    z = x - y
    return z

def multiply(x, y):
    z = x * y
    return z

def divide(x, y):
    z = x / y
    return z

print(add(1, 2)) # 3
print(subtract(1, 2)) # -1
print(multiply(1, 2)) # 2
print(divide(1, 2)) # 0.5

--------

def create_name(first, last):
    first = first.capitalize()
    last = last.capitalize()
    return first + " " + last

full_name = create_name("yuuniji", "code")

print(full_name) # Yuuniji Code

# 默认参数 = 为某些参数设置默认值
#            当省略该参数时使用默认值
#            使函数更灵活，减少参数数量
#            1. 位置参数 2. 默认参数 3. 关键字参数 4. 任意参数

def net_price(list_price, discount=1, tax=0.05):
    return list_price * (1 - discount) * (1 + tax)

print(net_price(500)) # 525.0
print(net_price(500, 0.1)) # 472.5
print(net_price(500, 0.1, 0)) # 450

--------

import time

def count(start, end):
    for x in range(start, end+1):
        print(x)
        time.sleep(1)
    print("完成！")

count(0, 10)
# 0
# 1
# 2
# 3
# 4
# 5
# 6
# 7
# 8
# 9
# 10
# 完成！

--------

import time

def count(start=0, end):
    for x in range(start, end+1):
        print(x)
        time.sleep(1)
    print("完成！")

count(10)
# SyntaxError: 非默认参数不能在默认参数之后

--------

import time

def count(end, start=0):
    for x in range(start, end+1):
        print(x)
        time.sleep(1)
    print("完成！")

count(10)
# 0
# 1
# 2
# 3
# 4
# 5
# 6
# 7
# 8
# 9
# 10
# 完成！

--------

import time

def count(end, start=0):
    for x in range(start, end+1):
        print(x)
        time.sleep(1)
    print("完成！")

count(30, 15)
# 15
# 16
# 17
# 18
# 19
# 20
# 21
# 22
# 23
# 24
# 25
# 26
# 27
# 28
# 29
# 30
# 完成！

# 关键字参数 = 在参数前加标识符的参数
#              有助于提高代码可读性
#              参数顺序无关紧要
#              1. 位置参数 2. 默认参数 3. 关键字参数 4. 任意参数

def hello(greeting, title, first, last):
    print(f"{greeting} {title}{first} {last}")

hello("你好", "先生", "海绵宝宝", "方裤")
# 你好 先生海绵宝宝 方裤
hello("你好", "海绵宝宝", "方裤", "先生")
# 你好 海绵宝宝方裤 先生
hello("你好", title="先生", first="海绵宝宝", last="方裤")
# 你好 先生海绵宝宝 方裤
hello("你好", title="先生", last="方裤", first="海绵宝宝")
# 你好 先生海绵宝宝 方裤
hello(title="先生", last="方裤", first="海绵宝宝", "你好")
# SyntaxError: 位置参数不能在关键字参数之后

hello("你好", "先生", "John", "James")
# 你好 先生John James
hello("你好", title="先生", last="John", first="James")
# 你好 先生James John

--------

for x in range(1, 11):
    print(x, end=" ")
    # 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

--------

print("1", "2", "3", "4", "5", sep="-")
# 1-2-3-4-5

--------

def get_phone(country, area, first, last):
    return f"{country}-{area}-{first}-{last}"

phone_num = get_phone(country=1, area=123, first=456, last=7890)

print(phone_num)
# 1-123-456-7890

# *args    = 允许传递多个非关键字参数
# **kwargs = 允许传递多个关键字参数
#            * 解包操作符
#            1. 位置参数 2. 默认参数 3. 关键字参数 4. 任意参数

def add(a, b):
    return a + b

print(add(1, 2)) # 3
print(add(1, 2, 3))
# TypeError: add() 需要 2 个位置参数，但给定了 3 个

--------

def add(*args):
    print(type(args)) # <class 'tuple'>
    total = 0
    for arg in args:
        total += arg
    return total

print(add(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)) # 15

--------

def display_name(*args):
    for arg in args:
        print(arg, end=" ")

display_name("博士", "海绵宝宝", "Harold", "方裤")
# 博士 海绵宝宝 Harold 方裤

--------

def print_address(**kwargs):
    print(type(kwargs)) # <class 'dict'>
    for value in kwargs.values():
        print(value)

print_address(street="123 Fake St.", 
              city="底特律", 
              state="MI", 
              zip="54321")
# 123 Fake St.
# 底特律
# MI
# 54321

--------

def print_address(**kwargs):
    print(type(kwargs)) # <class 'dict'>
    for key in kwargs.keys():
        print(key)

print_address(street="123 Fake St.", 
              city="底特律", 
              state="MI", 
              zip="54321")
# street
# city
# state
# zip

--------

def print_address(**kwargs):
    print(type(kwargs)) # <class 'dict'>
    for key, value in kwargs.items():
        print(f"{key}: {value}")

print_address(street="123 Fake St.", 
              city="底特律", 
              state="MI", 
              zip="54321")
# street: 123 Fake St.
# city: 底特律
# state: MI
# zip: 54321

--------

def shipping_label(*args, **kwargs):
    for arg in args:
        print(arg, end=" ")
    print()

    for value in kwargs.values():
        print(value, end=" ")

shipping_label("博士", "海绵宝宝", "方裤", "III",
               street="123 Fake St.",
               apt="100",
               city="底特律",
               state="MI",
               zip="54321")
# 博士 海绵宝宝 方裤 III
# 123 Fake St. 100 底特律 MI 54321

--------

def shipping_label(*args, **kwargs):
    for arg in args:
        print(arg, end=" ")
    print()

    print(f"{kwargs.get('street')} {kwargs.get('apt')}")
    print(f"{kwargs.get('city')} {kwargs.get('state')}, {kwargs.get('zip')}")

shipping_label("博士", "海绵宝宝", "方裤",
               street="123 Fake St.",
               apt="#100",
               city="底特律",
               state="MI",
               zip="54321")
# 博士 海绵宝宝 方裤
# 123 Fake St. #100
# 底特律 MI 54321

--------

def shipping_label(*args, **kwargs):
    for arg in args:
        print(arg, end=" ")
    print()

    print(f"{kwargs.get('street')} {kwargs.get('apt')}")
    print(f"{kwargs.get('city')} {kwargs.get('state')}, {kwargs.get('zip')}")

shipping_label("博士", "海绵宝宝", "方裤",
               street="123 Fake St.",
               city="底特律",
               state="MI",
               zip="54321")
# 博士 海绵宝宝 方裤
# 123 Fake St. None
# 底特律 MI 54321

--------

def shipping_label(*args, **kwargs):
    for arg in args:
        print(arg, end=" ")
    print()

    if "apt" in kwargs:
        print(f"{kwargs.get('street')} {kwargs.get('apt')}")
    elif "pobox" in kwargs:
        print(f"{kwargs.get('street')}")
        print(f"{kwargs.get('pobox')}")
    else:
        print(f"{kwargs.get('street')}")

    print(f"{kwargs.get('city')} {kwargs.get('state')}, {kwargs.get('zip')}")

shipping_label("博士", "海绵宝宝", "方裤",
               street="123 Fake St.",
               pobox="PO box #1001",
               city="底特律",
               state="MI",
               zip="54321")
# 博士 海绵宝宝 方裤
# 123 Fake St.
# PO box #1001
# 底特律 MI 54321

# 可迭代对象 = 一个可以逐一返回其元素的对象/集合，
#               允许在循环中进行迭代

numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

for number in numbers:
    print(number)
# 1
# 2
# 3
# 4
# 5

numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

for number in reversed(numbers):
    print(number)
# 5
# 4
# 3
# 2
# 1

numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

for number in reversed(numbers):
    print(number, end=" ")
# 5 4 3 2 1

numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

for number in reversed(numbers):
    print(number, end="-")
# 5-4-3-2-1-

numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

for number in reversed(numbers):
    print(number, end=" - ")
# 5 - 4 - 3 - 2 - 1 -

numbers = (1, 2, 3, 4, 5)

for number in numbers:
    print(number)
# 1
# 2
# 3
# 4
# 5

fruits = {"apple", "orange", "banana", "coconut"}

for fruit in fruits:
    print(fruit)
# apple
# orange
# banana
# coconut

fruits = {"apple", "orange", "banana", "coconut"}

for fruit in reversed(fruits):
    print(fruit)
# TypeError: 'set' 对象不可反转

name ="Yuu Niji"

for character in name:
    print(character)
# Y
# u
# u
#  
# N
# i
# j
# i

name ="Yuu Niji"

for character in name:
    print(character, end=" ")
# Y u u  N i j i

my_dictionary = {"A": 1, "B": 2, "C": 3}

for key in my_dictionary:
    print(key)
# A
# B
# C

my_dictionary = {"A": 1, "B": 2, "C": 3}

for value in my_dictionary.values():
    print(value)
# 1
# 2
# 3

my_dictionary = {"A": 1, "B": 2, "C": 3}

for key, value in my_dictionary.items():
    print(key, value)
# A 1
# B 2
# C 3

my_dictionary = {"A": 1, "B": 2, "C": 3}

for key, value in my_dictionary.items():
    print(f"{key} = {value}")
# A = 1
# B = 2
# C = 3

# 成员运算符 = 用于测试一个值或变量是否出现在一个序列中
#                （字符串、列表、元组、集合或字典）
#                1. in
#                2. not in

word = "APPLE"

letter = input("猜一个秘密单词中的字母：")

if letter in word:
    print(f"存在字母 {letter}")
else:
    print(f"未找到字母 {letter}")
# 猜一个秘密单词中的字母：A
# 存在字母 A
# 猜一个秘密单词中的字母：Z
# 未找到字母 Z

word = "APPLE"

letter = input("猜一个秘密单词中的字母：")

if letter not in word:
    print(f"未找到字母 {letter}")
else:
    print(f"存在字母 {letter}")
# 猜一个秘密单词中的字母：E
# 存在字母 E
# 猜一个秘密单词中的字母：Q
# 未找到字母 Q

students = {"Spongbob", "Patrick", "Sandy"}

student = input("输入一个学生姓名：")

if student in students:
    print(f"{student} 是学生")
else:
    print(f"未找到学生 {student}")
# 输入一个学生姓名：Spongbob
# Spongbob 是学生
# 输入一个学生姓名：Yuuniji
# 未找到学生 Yuuniji

students = {"Spongbob", "Patrick", "Sandy"}

student = input("输入一个学生姓名：")

if student not in students:
    print(f"未找到学生 {student}")
else:
    print(f"{student} 是学生")
# 输入一个学生姓名：Sandy
# Sandy 是学生
# 输入一个学生姓名：Github
# 未找到学生 Github

grades = {"Sandy": "A", 
          "Squidward": "B", 
          "Spongbob": "C", 
          "Patrick": "D"}

student = input("输入一个学生姓名：")

if student in grades:
    print(f"{student} 的成绩是 {grades[student]}")
else:
    print(f"未找到学生 {student}")
# 输入一个学生姓名：Spongbob
# Spongbob 的成绩是 C
# 输入一个学生姓名：Sandy
# Sandy 的成绩是 A
# 输入一个学生姓名：Squidward
# Squidward 的成绩是 B
# 输入一个学生姓名：Patrick
# Patrick 的成绩是 D
# 输入一个学生姓名：Yuuniji
# 未找到学生 Yuuniji

email = "yuuniji81@gmail.com"

if "@" in email and "." in email:
    print("有效邮箱")
else:
    print("无效邮箱")
# 有效邮箱

email = "yuuniji81gmail.com"

if "@" in email and "." in email:
    print("有效邮箱")
else:
    print("无效邮箱")
# 无效邮箱

email = "yuuniji81@gmailcom"

if "@" in email and "." in email:
    print("有效邮箱")
else:
    print("无效邮箱")
# 无效邮箱

# 列表推导 = Python 中创建列表的一种简洁方式
#             比传统循环更紧凑且易于阅读
#             [表达式 for 值 in 可迭代对象 if 条件]

doubles = []
for x in range(1, 11):
    doubles.append(x * 2)

print(doubles)
# [2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20]

doubles = [x * 2 for x in range(1, 11)]

print(doubles)
# [2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20]

triples = [y * 3 for y in range(1, 11)]

print(triples)
# [3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24, 27, 30]

squares = [z * z for z in range(1, 11)]

print(squares)
# [1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81, 100]

fruits = ["apple", "orange", "banana", "coconut"]
fruits = [fruit.upper() for fruit in fruits]
print(fruits)
# ['APPLE', 'ORANGE', 'BANANA', 'COCONUT']

fruits = [fruit.upper() for fruit in ["apple", "orange", "banana", "coconut"]]

print(fruits)
# ['APPLE', 'ORANGE', 'BANANA', 'COCONUT']

fruits = ["apple", "orange", "banana", "coconut"]
fruit_chars = [fruit[0] for fruit in fruits]
print(fruit_chars)
# ['a', 'o', 'b', 'c']

numbers = [1, -2, 3, -4, 5, -6, 8, -7]
positive_nums = [num for num in numbers if num >= 0]
negative_nums = [num for num in numbers if num < 0]
even_nums = [num for num in numbers if num % 2 == 0]
odd_nums = [num for num in numbers if num % 2 == 1]

print(positive_nums)
# [1, 3, 5, 8]
print(negative_nums)
# [-2, -4, -6, -7]
print(even_nums)
# [-2, -4, -6, 8]
print(odd_nums)
# [1, 3, 5, -7]

grades = [85, 42, 79, 90, 56, 61, 30]
passing_grades = [grade for grade in grades if grade >= 60]

print(passing_grades)
# [85, 79, 90, 61]

# match-case 语句（类似 switch）：代替多个 'elif' 语句的另一种方式
#                                当值匹配某个 'case' 时执行相应代码
#                                优点：代码更简洁，语法更易读

def day_of_week(day):
    if day == 1:
        return "今天是星期日"
    elif day == 2:
        return "今天是星期一"
    elif day == 3:
        return "今天是星期二"
    elif day == 4:
        return "今天是星期三"
    elif day == 5:
        return "今天是星期四"
    elif day == 6:
        return "今天是星期五"
    elif day == 7:
        return "今天是星期六"
    else:
        return "不是有效的日期"

print(day_of_week(1))
# 今天是星期日

def day_of_week(day):
    match day:
        case 1:
            return "今天是星期日"
        case 2:
            return "今天是星期一"
        case 3:
            return "今天是星期二"
        case 4:
            return "今天是星期三"
        case 5:
            return "今天是星期四"
        case 6:
            return "今天是星期五"
        case 7:
            return "今天是星期六"
        case _: # _ = 通配符
            return "不是有效的日期"

print(day_of_week(1))
# 今天是星期日

def is_weekend(day):
    match day:
        case "Sunday":
            return True
        case "Monday":
            return False
        case "Tuesday":
            return False
        case "Wednesday":
            return False
        case "Thursday":
            return False
        case "Friday":
            return False
        case "Saturday":
            return True
        case _: # _ = 通配符
            return False

print(is_weekend("Sunday"))
# True

def is_weekend(day):
    match day:
        case "Saturday" | "Sunday": # | = 或
            return True
        case "Monday" | "Tuesday" | "Wednesday" | "Thursday" | "Friday":
            return False
        case _: # _ = 通配符
            return False

print(is_weekend("Sunday"))
# True

# 模块 = 包含你想在程序中使用的代码文件
#        使用 'import' 引入模块（内置或自定义）
#        有助于将大型程序分解为可重用的独立文件

# print(help("modules"))
# print(help("math"))

import math

print(math.pi)
# 3.141592653589794

import math as m

print(math.pi)
# NameError: name 'math' is not defined

import math as m

print(m.pi)
# 3.141592653589794

from math import pi

print(pi)
# 3.141592653589794

from math import e

print(e)
# 2.718281828459045

from math import e

a, b, c, d = 1, 2, 3, 4

print(e ** a)
print(e ** b)
print(e ** c)
print(e ** d)
# 2.718281828459045
# 7.3890560989306495
# 20.085536923187664
# 54.5915003314423

from math import e

a, b, c, d, e = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

print(e ** a)
print(e ** b)
print(e ** c)
print(e ** d)
print(e ** e)
# 2.718281828459045
# 7.3890560989306495
# 20.085536923187664
# 54.5915003314423
# 148.41315910257657

# example.py

pi = 3.14159

def square(x):
    return x ** 2

def cube(x):
    return x ** 3

def circumference(radius):
    return 2 * pi * radius

def area(radius):
    return pi * radius ** 2

# main.py

import example

result = example.pi

print(result)
# 3.14159

import example

result = example.square(3)

print(result)  # 9

import example

result = example.cube(3)

print(result)
# 27

import example

result = example.circumference(3)

print(result)
# 18.849539999999998

import example

result = example.area(3)

print(result)
# 28.27431

# 变量作用域 = 变量可见和可访问的范围
# 作用域解析 = (LEGB) 局部 -> 闭包 -> 全局 -> 内置

def func1():
    a = 1
    print(a)

def func2():
    b = 2
    print(b)

func1() # 1
func2() # 2

def func1():
    a = 1
    print(b)

def func2():
    b = 2
    print(a)

func1()
func2()
# NameError: 名称 'b' 未定义

def happy_birthday(name, age):
    print(f"亲爱的 {name}，生日快乐")
    print(f"你今年 {age} 岁")

def main():
    name = "Yuuniji"
    age = 21
    happy_birthday(name, age)
main()

def func1():
    x = 1
    print(x)

def func2():
    x = 2
    print(x)

func1() # 1
func2() # 2

def func1():
    x = 1

    def func2():
        x = 2
        print(x)
    func2()

func1()
# 2

def func1():
    x = 1

    def func2():
        print(x)
    func2()

func1()
# 1

def func1():
    print(x)

def func2():
    print(x)

x = 3

func1() # 3
func2() # 3

def func1():
    x = 1
    print(x)

def func2():
    x = 2
    print(x)

x = 3

func1() # 1
func2() # 2

from math import e

print(e)
# 2.718281828459045

from math import e

def func1():
    print(e)

func1()
# 2.718281828459045

from math import e

def func1():
    print(e)

e = 3

func1()
# 3

# if __name__ == '__main__': （此脚本可以被导入或独立运行）
# 模块中的函数和类可以被重用，而主代码块不会执行
# 最佳实践（代码模块化，
#         提高可读性，
#         避免全局变量，
#         防止意外执行）

# 示例：library = 导入库以使用功能
#               直接运行库时，显示帮助页面

def main():
    # 你的程序代码在这里

if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

# script1.py
# print(dir())
print(__name__)
# __main__

# script1.py
from script2 import *
# 当 script2.py 被 script1.py 导入时，它被视为一个模块，而不是主脚本。因此，Python 将其 __name__ 设置为模块名称，即 "script2"（文件名，不含 .py 扩展名）。
# 在 script2.py 中的 print(__name__) 语句会在导入过程中执行，打印 "script2"。
print(__name__)
# script2
# __main__

# script1.py
print(__name__)
# script2
# __main__

--------

# script2.py
from script1 import *

print(__name__)
# script1
# __main__